Effect of genipin on hypoxia/reoxygenation induced oxidative stress injury in H9c2 cell line / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of genipin on hypoxia/reoxygenation induced oxidative stress injury in H9c2 cell line. METHODS: For mimicking myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, H9c2 cells were cultured in vitro and established hypoxia/reoxygenation induced oxidative stress injury model. H9c2 cells were divided into six groups: control group, H/R group, H/R+0.5 μmol·L-1 genipin group, H/R+1.25 μmol·L-1genipin group, H/R+2.5 μmol·L-1 genipin group and H/R+10 μmol·L-1 genipin group. Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8). The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), intracellular total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed using microplate reader. Confocal laser scanning microscope was performed to examine the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the level of mitochondrial calcium (m) as well as the depolarization ratio of mitochondrial membranes potential(ΔΨm). The protein expression of cytochrome-C was detected by Western-blot. RESULTS: Comparing to control group, the cell viability of H/R group was significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner(r=-0.82,P<0.01). Low concentration(1.25-40 μmol·L-1) of genipin could improve cell viability exposed to H/R treatment (P<0.05), on the contrary, high concentration(80-320 μmol·L-1) of genipin remarkably reduced the cell viability (P<0.05). In compared with H/R group, the levels of LDH release, MDA production and ROS production, the level of m, depolarization ratio of ΔΨm and the protein expression of cytochrome-c in H/R+(1.25-10 μmol·L-1) genipin groups were notably lessened, while the level of T-SOD was increased(P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Genipin could reduce H/R-induced oxidative stress injury, the mechanism might be connected with balancing the oxidative stress products and anti-oxidation enzyme system as well as improving mitochondrial dysfunction.

Fever monitoring program in areas with high incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Guizhou province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the incidence rates of both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in the high prevalent areas of Guizhou province so as to provide evidence for the development of programs on comprehensive intervention and effectiveness evaluation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six townships in Pingba county were selected as intervention areas while six townships in Kaiyang county were taken as control. All hospitals and clinics were classified into A, B and C types according to its level and the capacity of the blood culture. Surveillance on typhoid and paratyphoid fever was conducted based on all population and all hospitals, clinics and county CDCs among the patients with unknown fever.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the surveillance area in those two counties, there were 12 944 blood samples from patients with unknown fever which have been tested and cultured. Among them, 200 strains of Salmonella including 16 typhoid strains, 184 paratyphoid A strains were identified, with the total positive rate as 1.55%. The positive rate before the intervention program was higher than the after. The detection rate was 1.91% in the type A hospitals. 39 strains of Salmonella have been cultured from 2039 samples which accounting for 19.50% (39/200) of the total strains. 4315 blood samples were cultured at the 'Class B' sites which isolated 82 strains of Salmonella, accounting for 41.00% (82/200), with a detection rate as 1.90%. 6590 samples were cultured at the 'Class C' sites, which identified 79 strains of Salmonella, accounting for 39.50% (79/200), with a detection rate as 1.20%. The detection rate was much higher before the use of antibiotics than after using them (P < 0.05). The annual peak time of positive detection was in spring and fall. The outbreaks or epidemics often appeared in the same places, with farmers, students as the high-risk populations. Symptoms of both typhoid and paratyphoid fever were not typical.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Typhoid and paratyphoid monitoring programs which covered primary health care institutions in the high incidence area seemed to be effective in reflecting the pictures as well as the burden of both typhoid and paratyphoid.</p>

Neuroprotective effects of Erigeron Breviscapus (vant) Hand-Mazz on NMDA-induced retinal neuron injury in the rats / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM: To investigate whether Erigeron Breviscapus (vant) Hand-Mazz (EBHM) EBHM has neuroprotective effect against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neuron death in retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL).· METHODS: 60 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. 6 animals were normal control group (group A). The others were divided as group B (EBHM group), group C (normal saline+NMDA group) and group D (EBHM + NMDA group). Each group had 18 rats.10nmol NMDA was intravitreally injected to induce partial damage of the neurons in RGCL in the right eyes of Groups C and D. Same volume PBS was intravitreally injected into the left eyes as self-control. Groups B and D were pre-treated intraperitoneally with 6g/L EBHM solution at a dose of 150mg/kg body weight/day seven days before and after NMDA treatment. Group C were administrated intraperitoneally with 9g/L normal saline at the same time of EBHM injection. Rats were sacrificed at 4,7,14d after NMDA treatment. Flat whole retinas were stained with 5g/L cresyl violet and neuron counting in RGCL from both eyes were observed. Each subgroup had 6 rats.· RESULTS: There was no significant difference of neuron counting in RGCL between the right eye and the left eye in group A (P=0.200). There was no significant difference between normal control group and EBHM group either in the right eyes or in the left eyes at 4, 7 and 14 d respectively after intravitreal injection of 10nmol NMDA in group C and group D. (P=0.636, P=0.193). Neuron counting of RGCL in group C and D was significantly decreased in the NMDA-treated eyes at 4, 7 and 14d after intravitreal injection (P＜0.001). There was no significant difference between self-control eyes group and normai control group(P＞0.05). However, neuron counting was significantly higher in the EBHM+NMDA group than normal saline +NMDA group at 14days after intravitreal injection (P=0.044), but was lowered than normal control group (P＜0.05).· CONCLUSION: EBHM has no effect on neuron counting of RGCL when administered alone in normal rats.The results indicates that EBHM plays a partial protective role in NMDA-induced neuron loss in RGCL in the rats.